Lenses
A lens is a piece of transparent material such as glass or plastic, with curved surfaces. There are 2 types of lenses, convex / converging lens and concave / diverging lens. Here is a brief introduction of terms used in ray diagram for lenses:
An object emanates an infinite number of light rays. However, when drawing ray diagrams for lenses, 3 light rays from the object known as the principal rays are defined:
Ray 1: Incident ray through optical center, C, passes without refraction.
Ray 2: Incident ray parallel to principal axis is refracted to pass through focal point, F.
Ray 3: Incident ray through focal point, F, is refracted to pass parallel to principal axis.
The point where the 3 rays meet is where the image is formed. Therefore, any 2 of the 3 principal rays is needed to find the image position. Also, the rays do not stop at the image.
A convex lens converges the light rays that pass through the lens. 6 different types of images can be formed depending on the position of the object.
Ray 1: Incident ray through optical center, C, passes without refraction.
Ray 2: Incident ray parallel to principal axis is refracted to pass through focal point, F.
Ray 3: Incident ray through focal point, F, is refracted to pass parallel to principal axis.
The point where the 3 rays meet is where the image is formed. Therefore, any 2 of the 3 principal rays is needed to find the image position. Also, the rays do not stop at the image.
A convex lens converges the light rays that pass through the lens. 6 different types of images can be formed depending on the position of the object.
When : Properties: Used for:
1. u= infinity - Real
- Inverted
- Diminished Telescope (objective lens)
- Laterally inverted
- v = f
2. u>2f - Real
- Inverted
- Diminished Camera/Human Eyes
- Laterally inverted
- f < v < 2f
3. u=2f - Real
- Inverted
- Same size as object Photocopier (equal-size copy)
- Laterally inverted
- v = 2f
4. f<u<2f - Real
- Inverted
- Magnified Photocopier (enlarged copy)
- Laterally inverted
- v > 2f
5. u=f - Virtual
- Upright
- Magnified
- Not laterally inverted Telescope (eyepiece)
- Image appears to be coming from infinity
6. u<f - Virtual
- Upright
- Magnified Magnifying glass - -
- Not laterally inverted
- Image appears to be coming from the same side of the lens as the object
Legend:
u: object distance
v: image distance
f: focal length
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